Medical-Legal Aspects of Abused Substances: Old & New- Licit & Illicit

Marcelline Burns, Thomas Page

Table of Contents  (Back to book ordering page)

Introduction xi

Chapter 1: The Science of Drug Influence 1
Marcelline Burns
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Study of Drug Effects 3
1.3 Epidemiological Study 3
1.4 Laboratory Experiments 4
1.5 Illicit Drugs 6
A. Marijuana 6
B. Stimulants 8
1.6 Therapeutic Drugs 8
1.7 Summary and Conclusions 11

Chapter 2: The Role of the Law Enforcement Officer 13
Thomas E. Page
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Alcohol Versus Drugs 14
2.3 Trafficking, Manufacturing, and Diversion 15
2.4 Driving Under the Influence Enforcement 15
2.5 Non-Driving Under the Influence Offenses 18
2.6 DRE Drug Categories 19
2.7 DRE Procedure 19
2.8 The Art and Science of DRE Reconstruction 23
2.9 The DRE crime scene 24
2.10 Direct/Indirect Evidence of Drug Use 25
Endnote 31

Chapter 3: Drug Impaired Driving Fundamentals 33
Sarah Kerrigan
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 The Scope of the Problem: Prevalence of drug-impaired driving? 34
3.3 Alcohol versus Drug-Related DUI: Alcohol is a drug, but not all drugs are alcohol 35
3.4 Prevalence of Drugs in DUI: Which drugs are most frequently encountered? 36
3.5 Common Drug Effects: Pharmacology Basics 37
A. Pharmacology 39
B. Pharmacokinetics 39
C. Route of administration 40
D. Absorption 40
E. Distribution 41
F. Metabolism 41
G. Elimination 42
H. Pharmacodynamics 42
3.6 How Do Drugs Affect Driving? Relating drug effects to driving impairment. 45
3.7 Measuring Impairment: The scientific literature 46
3.8 Case Interpretation: Is this driver impaired by drugs? 50
3.9 Testing Methodology: The forensic toxicology laboratory 52
A. Screening tests 52
B. Confirmatory tests 53
3.10 Conclusions 53
3.11 Acknowledgements 54
Endnotes 54
References 54

Chapter 4: The Legal and Prosecution Perspective of Drug Impairment 57
Nina J. Emerson
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Drugs In General 58
4.3 Legal and Illegal Drugs 59
4.4 Drug Impairment 62
4.5 Drug Per Se Laws 64
4.6 Possible Solutions 65
4.7 Educate Thyself 68
4.8 Conclusion 68
Suggested Movies 69
Endnotes 71

Chapter 5: A True Double Standard: A Defense Perspective on the Inherent Unfairness in the Administration of the Impaired Driver Laws 77
Peter Gerstenzang and Eric H. Sills
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 The Initial Stop 78
5.3 Roadside Detention/Interrogation 80
5.4 Post-Arrest Detention/Interrogation 80
5.5 Chemical Tests 83
5.6 Chemical Test Refusals 85
5.7 Miscellaneous Issues 87
5.8 Conclusion 87
Endnotes 88

Chapter 6: Examining MDMA: 3,4-methyl-enedioxymeth-amphetamine (Ecstasy) 89
Charles Matson
6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 History and Background 90
6.3 Development and Delivery 92
6.4 Appearance and Routes of Administration 93
6.5 Counterfeits 94
6.6 Analogs 94
6.7 Effects 95
6.8 Toxicity 98
6.9 Driving 99
6.10 Summary 99
References 100

Chapter 7: Examining Methamphetamine 105
Charles Matson
7.1 Introduction 105
7.2 Forms 106
7.3 History 107
7.4 Appearance 110
7.5 Methods of Administration 111
7.6 Legislative Control of Methamphetamine 112
7.7 Patterns of Use and Abuse 112
A. Low-intensity abuse 112
B. High-intensity abuse 113
C. Binge and crash 113
D. Withdrawal 114
E. Methamphetamine psychosis 114
7.8 Identifying a Methamphetamine Addict 115
7.9 Chemicals 116
A. Precursors 116
B. Reagents 116
C. Solvents 116
D. Catalyst 117
7.10 Methamphetamine Labs 117
7.11 Methods 119
A. P2P amalgam method 119
B. Red phosphorus (P) reduction (hydriodic acid method,
cold method) 120
7.12 Conclusion 121
References 122

Chapter 8: Jimson Weed, Inhalants, and Hallucinogens 125
Morris Odell
8.1 Introduction 125
8.2 Jimson Weed 127
8.3 Inhalants 129
A. Solvent inhalation 130
B. Volatile nitrites (Romanelli, Smith, Thornton, and Pomeroy, 2004) 135
C. Nitrous oxide 136
D. Hallucinogenic drugs (Nichols, 2004; Laing, 2003) 137
Endnotes 142
References 142

Chapter 9: PCP (Phencyclidine) 147
Clark John
9.1 Overview and Classification 147
9.2 Origin and History 148
9.3 Name Identification of PCP 148
9.4 Identification of PCP by Appearance and Packaging 149
9.5 PCP- Related Behavior 149
9.6 Signs and Symptoms of Influence 150
9.7 Danger is Real 151
9.8 A Contamination Hazard 151
9.9 Methods of Administration 151
9.10 PCP Production 152
9.11 Driving Under the Influence 152
9.12 Lethal Consequences 152
9.13 Ketamine: An Overview 153
9.14 Conclusions 154

Chapter 10: Gamma Hydroxy Butyrate (GHB) 155
Trinka Porrata
10.1 Introduction 155
10.2 Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA) 162
10.3 GHB and Driving 164
10.4 GHB and Robbery 167
10.5 Addiction 167
10.6 Senior Citizens at Risk 169
10.7 GHB Analogs 169
10.8 Testing Issues 170
10.9 Xyrem Approval and Diversion 172
10.10 Conclusion 172
References 172

Chapter 11: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids 175
Joel M. Mayer
11.1 Introduction 175
11.2 Pharmacology and Physiology 178
11.3 Undesirable Side Effects 181
11.4 Steroids and Aggression 183
11.5 Analysis in Biological Matrices 185
11.6 Summary 188
References 188

Chapter 12: The Turkish Experience in the Development of Laws and Policies Regarding Alcohol- and Drug-Impairment 191
Sevil Atasoy and Tanil M. Baskan
12.1 Introduction 192
12.2 Brief Description of the Country 193
12.3 Consumption of Alcohol and Drugs in Turkey 193
A. Alcohol consumption 193
B. Drug abuse data 194
C. Treatment demand 195
12.4 Road Traffic Accident Statistics 196
A. Official statistics related to driving under the influence
of alcohol and drugs 204
B. Scientific study of driving under the influence of
alcohol and drugs 207
12.5 Legislation Regarding Driving under the Influence of
Alcohol and Drugs 208
A. Alcohol and substance use and the Turkish criminal law 208
B. Highway traffic law 209
C. Enforcement of the Highway Traffic Law (HTL) 211
D. Activities for the prevention of traffic accidents 212
12.6 Activities on Accident Prevention 213
A. The parliamentary traffic safety commissions 213
B. Five-year development plans of the Prime Ministry
State Planning Organization 214
C. The Traffic Research Center 214
D. Academic research 214
References 217

Chapter 13: Drugs and Driving - Victoria, Australia 223
Martin C. Boorman and Philip Swann
13.1 Introduction 223
13.2 Legislative Framework 224
13.3 2001 Drug Impairment Legislation 224
A. Procedure overview 226
B. Enforcement personnel training 228
C. Procedure evaluation 229
13.4 General Deterrence Legislation 230
A. Alcohol 230
B. Illicit drugs 231
C. Drug screening technology 233
D. 2003 random saliva testing for drugs legislation 234
E. Operation of the 2003 random saliva testing for drugs legislation 235
13.5 Conclusion 236
References 237

About the Editors 239
About the Contributors 241
Index 245

Back to book ordering page